Source: https://guthlabs.ai/docs/instruments/duty-cycle-pwm-average-voltage-calculator/implementation/

instrument implementation / implementation-contract

# Duty Cycle / PWM Average Voltage Calculator implementation

A source-bound implementation contract for Duty Cycle / PWM Average Voltage Calculator; deployment and executable qualification remain separate.

Status: **VERIFIED_CLEAN**Lifecycle: **implementation-contract**

## Binding contract

This record describes what an executable surface must bind and validate. It does not claim that a public calculator, package, or production route is deployed.

**Record owner**: Guth Instruments

**Lifecycle**: verified-clean

**Evidence ID**: t5-216

**Effect**: Computation or source lookup only

## Input and validation requirements

A zero-frequency input makes T=1/f a division by zero, leaving period and on/off times undefined. The instrument must reject frequency=0 rather than return a misleading numeric result. The specification also leaves the duty-cycle percent-versus-fraction convention implicit, creating a substantial interpretation hazard.

## Required corrections

No binding erratum is attached to this unique-name record. Implementers must still preserve the declared units, domain, and failure behavior.

## Inspectable interface fixture

The sample below is evidence for interface and validation tests, not a production implementation.

````
{
  "inputs": {
    "duty_cycle_percent": 25,
    "Vhigh_V": 12,
    "Vlow_V": 0,
    "frequency_Hz": 1000
  },
  "expected_outputs": {
    "Vavg_V": 3,
    "period_s": 0.001,
    "on_time_s": 0.00025,
    "off_time_s": 0.00075
  },
  "working": "D=25/100=0.25. Vavg=D×Vhigh+(1−D)×Vlow=0.25×12+(1−0.25)×0=3+0=3 V. T=1/f=1/1000=0.001 s. Ton=D×T=0.25×0.001=0.00025 s. Toff=(1−D)×T=0.75×0.001=0.00075 s."
}
````

## Other records

[01**Overview**](<https://guthlabs.ai/docs/instruments/duty-cycle-pwm-average-voltage-calculator/>)[02**Mechanism**](<https://guthlabs.ai/docs/instruments/duty-cycle-pwm-average-voltage-calculator/mechanism/>)[04**Qualification**](<https://guthlabs.ai/docs/instruments/duty-cycle-pwm-average-voltage-calculator/qualification/>)

## Sources and evidence

These pointers bind the page to evidence. They do not grant authority or collapse verification into deployment.

- `VERIFIED_LEDGER.json`

- `evidence-tranche5/tranche5-results.json`