Combined/Boyle's/Charles's/Gay-Lussac's Law Calculator mechanism

Model scope

The equations themselves are correct standard paired-state relations under their stated physical assumptions. Verdict is NEEDS_REVIEW because the intended meaning of “Combined,” the unknown-variable selection, denominator constraints, and unit conventions are unspecified.

• The three listed equations are standard paired-state gas-law formulas, but the specification does not define which variable is unknown or explicitly state the required fixed-variable constraint for each selection.
• The name includes “Combined,” which is ambiguous: if it claims the combined gas law, the formula P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2 is missing; if “Combined” only means a collection of calculators, the name should say so.

Units and conventions

• Temperatures must be absolute temperatures in kelvins; Celsius or Fahrenheit values must be converted before calculation.
• Pressures must use the same units in both states and should be absolute pressure, not gauge pressure.
• Volumes must use the same units in both states.
• Boyle's law assumes constant temperature, Charles's law assumes constant pressure, and Gay-Lussac's law assumes constant volume.
• The formulas describe idealized gas behavior and are not universally accurate for real gases, especially near phase transitions or extreme pressures and temperatures.

Inspectable vector

One of 4 source-bound review vectors:

{
  "inputs": {
    "law": "Boyle's law",
    "P1_kPa": 101.325,
    "V1_L": 2,
    "P2_kPa": 202.65
  },
  "expected_outputs": {
    "V2_L": 1
  },
  "working": "P1V1=P2V2. Solve V2=(P1V1)/P2. V2=(101.325 kPa × 2.00 L) / 202.65 kPa = 202.65 kPa·L / 202.65 kPa = 1.00 L."
}

Failure boundary

BREAK_CLAIMED · SELF_FLAGGED

The specification exposes a division-by-zero case at 0 K and does not state temperature-unit validation or an explicit Kelvin conversion requirement. The selectable-law toggle also produces materially different results unless the held-fixed variable is enforced.

Other records

Sources and evidence

These pointers bind the page to evidence. They do not grant authority or collapse verification into deployment.

• VERIFIED_LEDGER.json
• evidence-tranche2/tranche2-results.json
• BOUNDARY_HAZARD_CATALOG.json