Ground Loop / Common-Impedance Voltage Estimator mechanism

Model scope

The R+jωL model is standard for a simplified series shared-conductor impedance, and the supplied honest label appropriately identifies it as a lumped approximation. Verdict remains NEEDS_REVIEW because amplitude convention, phasor/sinusoidal scope, and the explicit magnitude formula are not fully specified.

• The stated formula Vnoise=I×Zground is a complex voltage relation, but the declared output is voltage magnitude; the implemented magnitude should be Vnoise=|I|×sqrt(R^2+(2πfL)^2) for a sinusoidal phasor current.
• The specification does not state whether current and voltage amplitudes are RMS, peak, or instantaneous values; the same convention must be used consistently.
• A single frequency and lumped R+jωL model is not sufficient for arbitrary or non-sinusoidal return currents without specifying that the calculation applies to one sinusoidal frequency component.

Units and conventions

• Frequency is supplied in hertz and converted with ω=2πf in radians per second.
• Resistance R is in ohms, inductance L is in henries, current I is in amperes, and output voltage is in volts.
• The test vectors use RMS current, so the reported noise voltage is RMS magnitude.
• R and L are assumed nonnegative real parameters, and the shared conductor is modeled as a series impedance.

Inspectable vector

One of 4 source-bound review vectors:

{
  "inputs": {
    "return_current_A_rms": 4,
    "ground_resistance_ohm": 0.25,
    "ground_inductance_H": 0.002387324,
    "frequency_Hz": 50
  },
  "expected_outputs": {
    "noise_voltage_magnitude_V_rms": 3.1623
  },
  "working": "ω=2πf=2×3.14159265×50=314.159265 rad/s. X_L=ωL=314.159265×0.002387324≈0.750000 Ω. |Z|=sqrt(R²+X_L²)=sqrt(0.25²+0.75²)=sqrt(0.0625+0.5625)=sqrt(0.625)=0.790569 Ω. Vnoise=I|Z|=4×0.790569=3.162277 V≈3.1623 V RMS."
}

Failure boundary

BREAK_CLAIMED · SELF_FLAGGED

The extreme-magnitude vector produces 1e616 V mathematically, which overflows standard JavaScript Number arithmetic to Infinity. The instrument should reject or explicitly flag overflow rather than return Infinity without warning.

Other records

Sources and evidence

These pointers bind the page to evidence. They do not grant authority or collapse verification into deployment.

• VERIFIED_LEDGER.json
• evidence-tranche5/tranche5-results.json
• BOUNDARY_HAZARD_CATALOG.json