LMTD Heat Exchanger Calculator mechanism

Model scope

The core LMTD and corrected-duty formulas are standard under their stated assumptions, but the spec is not ready for an unqualified PASS. The exact ΔT1/ΔT2 mapping by arrangement, equal-terminal-difference behavior, F-factor source and validity range, and the additional inputs required for outlet-temperature calculations must be documented. The honest_label field is empty despite the outlet-temperature claim and the dependence of crossflow/multipass results on F-factor data.

• The LMTD formula is standard, but the specification does not define how ΔT1 and ΔT2 are assigned for counterflow, parallel-flow, crossflow, or multipass arrangements.
• The claimed outlet-temperature calculation is under-specified: outlet temperatures require a heat balance plus mass flow rates and specific heats, or equivalent heat-capacity rates; LMTD alone cannot determine them.
• Required-area calculation is claimed but its inverse formula is omitted. It should be A=q/(U·ΔTlm·F).
• The equal-terminal-difference case ΔT1=ΔT2 is not handled. The literal formula becomes 0/ln(1)=0/0, although its limiting value is ΔTlm=ΔT1=ΔT2.
• The formula requires ΔT1 and ΔT2 to be positive and nonzero for a real logarithm; temperature-crossing and zero-terminal-difference cases need explicit handling.
• F is not optional for crossflow or multipass calculations unless F=1 is explicitly justified. F must be supplied or obtained from a defined chart/correlation and normally satisfies 0<F≤1.

Units and conventions

• Temperature differences may be expressed in °C or K because their increments are equal, but absolute temperatures must not be substituted directly into the LMTD differences without applying the arrangement-specific terminal-temperature definitions.
• If U is in W/(m²·K), q is in W and A is in m². If U is in kW/(m²·K), q is in kW.
• F is dimensionless.
• For Fahrenheit inputs, temperature differences must be converted to K when U uses K-based SI units; a 1 °F difference is 5/9 K.
• The terminal temperature differences must use a consistent temperature scale and must be positive for the logarithm.

Inspectable vector

One of 4 source-bound review vectors:

{
  "inputs": {
    "operation": "heat_duty",
    "arrangement": "counterflow",
    "hot_in_C": 150,
    "hot_out_C": 90,
    "cold_in_C": 30,
    "cold_out_C": 70,
    "U_W_m2K": 500,
    "area_m2": 10,
    "F": 1
  },
  "expected_outputs": {
    "deltaT1_K": 80,
    "deltaT2_K": 60,
    "deltaTlm_K": 69.5212,
    "q_W": 347605.95
  },
  "working": "Counterflow: ΔT1=Th,in−Tc,out=150−70=80 K; ΔT2=Th,out−Tc,in=90−30=60 K. ΔTlm=(80−60)/ln(80/60)=20/ln(4/3)=20/0.287682072=69.5212 K. q=U·A·ΔTlm·F=500·10·69.5212·1=347605.95 W."
}

Failure boundary

BREAK_CLAIMED · SELF_FLAGGED

A plain arithmetic implementation can fail at the removable 0/0 equal-terminal-difference case, produce undefined results or divide by zero when a terminal temperature difference is zero, and return materially different results when flow-arrangement or temperature-unit conventions are not explicit.

Other records

Sources and evidence

These pointers bind the page to evidence. They do not grant authority or collapse verification into deployment.

• VERIFIED_LEDGER.json
• evidence-tranche4/tranche4-results.json
• BOUNDARY_HAZARD_CATALOG.json